If you record with a computer and sound card/audio interface, then you need to read this. Latency is the time difference between input and output of any digital audio workstation. It is cause by mathematical/algorithmic issues and by mechanical/physical procedures that occur mostly in software and A/D and D/A converters, and when hard drives are used. Latency literally means the build up of delays in an audio signal as it passes through the audio interface. Latency is measured in milliseconds. There is input latency, output latency and round trip latency.
You get latency when you monitor an audio signal through a computers signal chain. If you ever heard a delay sound when triggering a synth with a midi controller, you actually experienced latency. You can also get latency form using effects (VST's / DX's) with hidden buffers. These effects are CPU intensive and usually meant to be used in mastering stage of a project. You experience latency if your ASIO buffers are set to high or your WDM latency is set to high.
Solving it: Your round trip latency should be less than 11 milliseconds if you do not want to experience latency. In ASIO driver mode, make sure your ASIO buffers are at its lowest settings. A setting of 32, 64, 128, or 192 should be acceptable. In WDM driver mode, make sure you slide the latency slider all the Way to the left. A millisecond settings of 5ms or less should be acceptable. Make sure you go to your interface/sound card manufactures web site and download/install the latest drivers for your operating system. Try both driver modes to see what works best for you and your PC.
These days, many recording platforms and audio interfaces offer zero latency monitoring. This means that your audio signal is sent to your main outs and/or headphone outs during recording is split from the input audio signal, before the digital conversion takes place. Basically, before it enters the computer. This means that you will not hear any software effects when you're recording using this method. Also, some recording systems will allow for both latent and non latent signals to be heard at the same time. You need to make sure that this doesn't happen.
cd mastering mastering studio
Kamis, 27 November 2014
Why Buy An Audio Book
In this fast paced life, books at times may prove to be a great source of relaxation and entertainment. Though, lately reading books has taken a backseat with the advent of modern age computer science, MP3 players and internet and DVD movies. So, people are always in search of something which is unique and more interactive than a book. Now, even kids have opted for playing games on DVD and video games. This eventually has turned them away from the joy of reading a good book.
However, with the advent of audio books, it has become easy for people who do not want to bury themselves in physical books. Most people are not aware of these books and have a misconception that they are written for people who have some reading problems. This is one of its uses, but it offers a lot more than that.
These books are easily available on CD or a cassette tape. The main feature of an audio book is that it narrates the whole story, which is often told by a famous celebrity or voice. This will give you a feel that you have your personal play. There are ample of audio books available in the market so that you can choose a book that suits your taste. You can play these books anywhere you want like in the car while on a long drive. The story length is also printed on the box cover, so this will enable you to choose a story that will finish within the time your journey lasts.
Audio books not only offer simple stories but they also teach you how to learn various foreign languages such as French, Japanese and many more. You can get audio books from many stores as well as on internet. Besides, there are many websites where you can buy these books.
However, with the advent of audio books, it has become easy for people who do not want to bury themselves in physical books. Most people are not aware of these books and have a misconception that they are written for people who have some reading problems. This is one of its uses, but it offers a lot more than that.
These books are easily available on CD or a cassette tape. The main feature of an audio book is that it narrates the whole story, which is often told by a famous celebrity or voice. This will give you a feel that you have your personal play. There are ample of audio books available in the market so that you can choose a book that suits your taste. You can play these books anywhere you want like in the car while on a long drive. The story length is also printed on the box cover, so this will enable you to choose a story that will finish within the time your journey lasts.
Audio books not only offer simple stories but they also teach you how to learn various foreign languages such as French, Japanese and many more. You can get audio books from many stores as well as on internet. Besides, there are many websites where you can buy these books.
Rabu, 26 November 2014
An Overview On Family Law Attorneys
Family law refers to the branch of the law that deals with various issues concerning family and domestic relationships, such as marriage, domestic partnership, spousal abuse, civil union, adoption, child abuse, and child abduction. It also covers issues like annulment, divorce, property settlements, child support, and spousal support.
Oftentimes, family law is an emotionally-charged field. People who are dealing with family law cases feel a great deal of stress and pain due to the issues involved, which are often heightened by sensitive emotions between two parties. These legal issues are no doubt very important cases and require professionals who are knowledgeable in family law.
The role of a family lawyer is important. They help you become aware of your rights and they give you insights about the laws governing your case. This is why choosing a good lawyer is important.
Its important to find a family law attorney who has had extensive experience and a good track record. It would be better to hire a family law Jacksonville, FL attorney who has handled a case like yours. An experienced family law attorney aims to have a proper and amiable agreement rather than escalate issues between both parties.
Technicalities surrounding family law can seem confusing and vague to many. Family law attorneys are able to tell you legal jargon in words that are easy to understand, thus making you aware of your rights. Family law Jacksonville, FL lawyers explain complex information in easier terms, helping you understand what is happening, and clearly communicating the results you want. The best Jacksonville family law professionals are open to your needs, will look out for your best interest and keep you aware about the issues surrounding your case, thus helping you make an informed decision.
Family law professionals also know when would be the best time to settle and when would be the best time to go to trial, all for the protection of your interest. Ideally, family lawyers help solve the problem rather than focus on the money they will get. Family law Jacksonville, FL professionals will make you become aware of your options, become aware of your rights, and preserve your assets.
Oftentimes, family law is an emotionally-charged field. People who are dealing with family law cases feel a great deal of stress and pain due to the issues involved, which are often heightened by sensitive emotions between two parties. These legal issues are no doubt very important cases and require professionals who are knowledgeable in family law.
The role of a family lawyer is important. They help you become aware of your rights and they give you insights about the laws governing your case. This is why choosing a good lawyer is important.
Its important to find a family law attorney who has had extensive experience and a good track record. It would be better to hire a family law Jacksonville, FL attorney who has handled a case like yours. An experienced family law attorney aims to have a proper and amiable agreement rather than escalate issues between both parties.
Technicalities surrounding family law can seem confusing and vague to many. Family law attorneys are able to tell you legal jargon in words that are easy to understand, thus making you aware of your rights. Family law Jacksonville, FL lawyers explain complex information in easier terms, helping you understand what is happening, and clearly communicating the results you want. The best Jacksonville family law professionals are open to your needs, will look out for your best interest and keep you aware about the issues surrounding your case, thus helping you make an informed decision.
Family law professionals also know when would be the best time to settle and when would be the best time to go to trial, all for the protection of your interest. Ideally, family lawyers help solve the problem rather than focus on the money they will get. Family law Jacksonville, FL professionals will make you become aware of your options, become aware of your rights, and preserve your assets.
Selasa, 25 November 2014
Music Production Commercial Sound Through Professional Audio Mastering
Music industry today is highly competitive. Thus composing great songs is not enough to gain popularity and climb the rankings. A music album that is well mixed and mastered is the need of the hour. Here lies the importance of professional digital and analog music mastering: A process that can transform the music and turn a simple song into a sonic masterpiece. With the development of new innovative techniques more punch and clarity can be added to the music as well as an extra touch of spatial depth and dimension. Once the songs are recorded, they are mixed and brought in an audio mastering studio for further enhancements. The mastering engineers play a crucial role in a music mastering procedure. One of the prime job of a mastering engineer is to identify the various sonic gaps and mistakes that came with the recording and mixing processes. In an audio mastering studio the tracks get screened through ultra-precision mastering monitors. The whole process is done by highly experienced audio experts.
Inside the studio various sound mastering techniques are applied that shape, sculpt and sweeten the music: Equalization, compression, harmonic saturation, stereo image adjustments and other types of audio processing help to enhance the quality of the tracks and give them a professional sound quality. However as most music mastering experts agree, the tracks should not be over compressed as it can sonically hurt the project rather than refining the tracks. According to experts music mastering should always be performed in dedicated audio mastering studios as these particular studios are well equipped with acoustically treated rooms, state-of the-art speaker technology and fine tuning and equalization instruments that are essential for elevating the sound quality of the tracks. The techniques should be suitable applied so that the frequencies fall in the right place, the tracks get a coherent spectral balance and bass, mid and treble frequencies are neither to weak nor too loud.
In every music mastering session carried out in an audio mastering studio the following actions are
performed:
The average and peak volume levels of the music tracks are optimized for attaining a proper loudness
The tracks are arranged in order for the final sequence
Signal processing is done through proper compression, EQ and audio limiting
Proper timing between the tracks are maintained
A homogenous sonic character is established for all the tracks
Placing track markers at the head of all the tracks
Removing unwanted hiss, clicks, glitches and noise from the tracks
Cleaning up the start and end of each track including the fades
Insertion of the Master Track Log
The creation of professional PMCDs (PreMaster CDs)
Considering the above advantages, the money for music mastering in a professional audio mastering studio is well spent. Besides the traditional mastering houses, a lot of web based audio mastering services offer fairly priced flat rates for CD mastering on-line. You simply upload your music to the mastering studio, where it will be treated professionally. So even an indie label or a home studio producer can nowadays afford a professional music mastering for his their audio productions.
Inside the studio various sound mastering techniques are applied that shape, sculpt and sweeten the music: Equalization, compression, harmonic saturation, stereo image adjustments and other types of audio processing help to enhance the quality of the tracks and give them a professional sound quality. However as most music mastering experts agree, the tracks should not be over compressed as it can sonically hurt the project rather than refining the tracks. According to experts music mastering should always be performed in dedicated audio mastering studios as these particular studios are well equipped with acoustically treated rooms, state-of the-art speaker technology and fine tuning and equalization instruments that are essential for elevating the sound quality of the tracks. The techniques should be suitable applied so that the frequencies fall in the right place, the tracks get a coherent spectral balance and bass, mid and treble frequencies are neither to weak nor too loud.
In every music mastering session carried out in an audio mastering studio the following actions are
performed:
The average and peak volume levels of the music tracks are optimized for attaining a proper loudness
The tracks are arranged in order for the final sequence
Signal processing is done through proper compression, EQ and audio limiting
Proper timing between the tracks are maintained
A homogenous sonic character is established for all the tracks
Placing track markers at the head of all the tracks
Removing unwanted hiss, clicks, glitches and noise from the tracks
Cleaning up the start and end of each track including the fades
Insertion of the Master Track Log
The creation of professional PMCDs (PreMaster CDs)
Considering the above advantages, the money for music mastering in a professional audio mastering studio is well spent. Besides the traditional mastering houses, a lot of web based audio mastering services offer fairly priced flat rates for CD mastering on-line. You simply upload your music to the mastering studio, where it will be treated professionally. So even an indie label or a home studio producer can nowadays afford a professional music mastering for his their audio productions.
Kamis, 20 November 2014
An Overview Of Law Specializations
If you are interested in becoming a lawyer, you have a vast array of specializations from which to choose and a range of clients for whom to work. Some lawyers work on major cases and huge corporate mergers, while others deal with traffic disputes and small businesses. Lawyers work for the rich and the poor, government agencies and nonprofit organizations. Sometimes they work for large firms, with a group of lawyers, or for themselves. Most lawyers are in private practice (usually small offices), while a small percentage work for the government and private industries and an even smaller percentage in public defense and legal education. While some lawyers have a general knowledge of many different areas of the law and engage in a variety of cases, most lawyers develop expertise in one field.
The areas of specialization within the law are many: civil rights law, corporate and securities law, criminal law, education law, employment and labor law, environmental and natural resources law, family and juvenile law, health law, immigration law, intellectual property law, sports and entertainment law, and tax law to name a few. As you study to become a lawyer, you will likely need to choose an area in which to specialize. Here is a very brief description of each to help you get started.
A practice in civil rights, balancing individual liberty and governmental power, usually takes the form of pro-bono work for nonprofit and public interest law firms. Corporate and securities attorneys assist corporations with organization and reorganization, mergers, stock, acquisitions, liabilities, bankruptcy, etc. Criminal defense lawyers do exactly what the name suggests: they represent people who have been accused of committing crimes and deal with the basic issues of personal liberty and justice. Education lawyers often aid or represent school districts or other education organizations; employment attorneys deal with the rights of employers and workers. Lawyers in environment and natural resources law take on regulatory issues that deal with the environment. Family attorneys help with adoption, divorce, and other family matters.
Health law can encompass the representation of doctors and hospitals, Medicare compliance, public health policy, and more. Immigration lawyers work with people coming to the United States--permanently or temporarily. Intellectual property and entertainment lawyers deal with regulations, rights, and royalties within the entertainment industry (on behalf of writers, musicians, athletes, actors, professional associations, etc.). Finally, tax attorneys help their clients understand the ever-changing realm of tax regulations.
Research the area(s) that sound the most interesting to you, and choose one that you will find rewarding.
The areas of specialization within the law are many: civil rights law, corporate and securities law, criminal law, education law, employment and labor law, environmental and natural resources law, family and juvenile law, health law, immigration law, intellectual property law, sports and entertainment law, and tax law to name a few. As you study to become a lawyer, you will likely need to choose an area in which to specialize. Here is a very brief description of each to help you get started.
A practice in civil rights, balancing individual liberty and governmental power, usually takes the form of pro-bono work for nonprofit and public interest law firms. Corporate and securities attorneys assist corporations with organization and reorganization, mergers, stock, acquisitions, liabilities, bankruptcy, etc. Criminal defense lawyers do exactly what the name suggests: they represent people who have been accused of committing crimes and deal with the basic issues of personal liberty and justice. Education lawyers often aid or represent school districts or other education organizations; employment attorneys deal with the rights of employers and workers. Lawyers in environment and natural resources law take on regulatory issues that deal with the environment. Family attorneys help with adoption, divorce, and other family matters.
Health law can encompass the representation of doctors and hospitals, Medicare compliance, public health policy, and more. Immigration lawyers work with people coming to the United States--permanently or temporarily. Intellectual property and entertainment lawyers deal with regulations, rights, and royalties within the entertainment industry (on behalf of writers, musicians, athletes, actors, professional associations, etc.). Finally, tax attorneys help their clients understand the ever-changing realm of tax regulations.
Research the area(s) that sound the most interesting to you, and choose one that you will find rewarding.
Rabu, 19 November 2014
Usage Of Audio Books In Teaching & Learning
No one can deny the fact that people hates to read the books thoroughly because they use to lose the concentration in exhaustive reading of big novels or biographies. Audio books provide the funniest way of readings as far as the reading of big novels, biographies, short-stories, science journals as well as research journals are concerned. You can learn a lot of things in reading audio books in an easy and convenient way. There are many schools which use audio version books for improvement of communication as well as reading skills for the student. Have a glance on the benefits of audio book for students:
Audio books are prepared with the students in the mind that it can not only provide education in a conventional way but also provide it in an entertaining way which is not possible through traditional physical book.
Teaching students through audio books gives teachers more time for preparation of the next session because teacher can play the audio version book for the student while doing something else.
It helps in improving the communication as well as listening skills as it's read by the renowned authors as well as popular actors whose pronunciations are up to the mark. It's not possible in case of reading with the physical book.
In teaching short stories, audio book can be very helpful when student become too tired to study and read. Moreover, popular stories will be always listened interestingly by the students rather than reading.
One of the main features of the audio book is that it's affordable in comparison to the traditional book. One audio book can be played for all students instead of buying dozens of books for them. There are also many websites available on the Internet which provides rental facility and you can rent the audio books as per your needs and requirements instead of buying them. This has been cost effective rather than buying a book.
For the students who are facing difficulties in reading can steadily follow the reading from audio books until they feel comfortable to read.
Audio version book give them a new feelings than just listening the lecturer of the teacher in the school or colleges.
The popularity of audio books are increasing continuously as it provide a great and entertaining way to make the readings interesting, that too within the financial budget.
EverythingBooks is Australia's best online Audio book retailer. Browse our large collection of audiobooks and find all your favourite Authors or, if you are unsure what you are looking for our helpful staff are always available to suggest a good audio book on audio. For more information please visit: Books on audio
Audio books are prepared with the students in the mind that it can not only provide education in a conventional way but also provide it in an entertaining way which is not possible through traditional physical book.
Teaching students through audio books gives teachers more time for preparation of the next session because teacher can play the audio version book for the student while doing something else.
It helps in improving the communication as well as listening skills as it's read by the renowned authors as well as popular actors whose pronunciations are up to the mark. It's not possible in case of reading with the physical book.
In teaching short stories, audio book can be very helpful when student become too tired to study and read. Moreover, popular stories will be always listened interestingly by the students rather than reading.
One of the main features of the audio book is that it's affordable in comparison to the traditional book. One audio book can be played for all students instead of buying dozens of books for them. There are also many websites available on the Internet which provides rental facility and you can rent the audio books as per your needs and requirements instead of buying them. This has been cost effective rather than buying a book.
For the students who are facing difficulties in reading can steadily follow the reading from audio books until they feel comfortable to read.
Audio version book give them a new feelings than just listening the lecturer of the teacher in the school or colleges.
The popularity of audio books are increasing continuously as it provide a great and entertaining way to make the readings interesting, that too within the financial budget.
EverythingBooks is Australia's best online Audio book retailer. Browse our large collection of audiobooks and find all your favourite Authors or, if you are unsure what you are looking for our helpful staff are always available to suggest a good audio book on audio. For more information please visit: Books on audio
Selasa, 18 November 2014
Employment Law Clarity Through Employment Law Solicitors
Knowing the ins and outs of employment law takes years worth of study and experience working at the heart of the industry. The simple fact of the matter is that most people, whether members of staff or business owners, have a very limited knowledge of employment law and are unaware that they are protected by a raft of laws and measures designed to support both employers and employees in the workplace. From national minimum wage legislation to holiday pay, Britains workforce has a number of rights that must be protected and followed every day of the year.
Those tasked with providing advice and expert knowledge on the subject of employment law are employment law solicitors. If there is ever any confusion or suspicion that someones rights as a worker are being undermined, employment law solicitors must be contacted immediately.
The Role of an Employment Lawyer is Vital
No matter the size of a company, employers and employees must closely follow all aspects of employment law. Bristol and other major cities in the United Kingdom have thousands of businesses who employ millions of people. Protecting the rights of these workers and offering advice to employers is the vital job that employment law solicitors are tasked with.
Employment law can be incredibly complex, so the only way that issues can be dealt with or questions can be answered is by contacting someone who is a true specialist in employment law. London firms help people every day and bring successful cases against employers who have undermined their workers rights, or support employers with the legal ammunition they need to control a troublesome employee.
Easy Access to Employment Law Solicitors
Speaking to an employment law solicitor is a worry free experience. With employment law, London solicitors have an open door policy to people of all ages and backgrounds. Remember that these are professional people who want their knowledge and experience to be used to bring clarity to employment law - for both employers and employees alike.
From offering advice to someone who feels they have been unfairly dismissed to helping an employer understand his or her rights when it comes to maternity pay, and ensuring the correct procedures and policies are in place so as to avert problems, the life of employment law solicitors is varied and their abilities vast.
Those tasked with providing advice and expert knowledge on the subject of employment law are employment law solicitors. If there is ever any confusion or suspicion that someones rights as a worker are being undermined, employment law solicitors must be contacted immediately.
The Role of an Employment Lawyer is Vital
No matter the size of a company, employers and employees must closely follow all aspects of employment law. Bristol and other major cities in the United Kingdom have thousands of businesses who employ millions of people. Protecting the rights of these workers and offering advice to employers is the vital job that employment law solicitors are tasked with.
Employment law can be incredibly complex, so the only way that issues can be dealt with or questions can be answered is by contacting someone who is a true specialist in employment law. London firms help people every day and bring successful cases against employers who have undermined their workers rights, or support employers with the legal ammunition they need to control a troublesome employee.
Easy Access to Employment Law Solicitors
Speaking to an employment law solicitor is a worry free experience. With employment law, London solicitors have an open door policy to people of all ages and backgrounds. Remember that these are professional people who want their knowledge and experience to be used to bring clarity to employment law - for both employers and employees alike.
From offering advice to someone who feels they have been unfairly dismissed to helping an employer understand his or her rights when it comes to maternity pay, and ensuring the correct procedures and policies are in place so as to avert problems, the life of employment law solicitors is varied and their abilities vast.
Kamis, 13 November 2014
Cases Dealt With By Family Lawyers And What Is Done In These Situations
Family Law is a very sensitive area of law that deals with anything that pertains to the family. Cases of divorce, paternity, separation, child support, custody of children, spousal support and many more conditions that the family may have to deal with. It is advised that the person or persons who have these cases must get lawyers who are experienced in the concerned area.
Some lawyers have little or no knowledge of these circumstances, so it is essential you shop around. You may want to seek advice from about 3 or 4 lawyers to determine whom you feel comfortable dealing with your situation. The route the lawyer will take with your situation is also essential. He or she needs to feel secure with this as it may be hard to change attorneys in the middle of your case. Know the level of experience the lawyers have to ensure you are getting the best. Ask for testimonials of cases they have tried and what the win ratio they have. This is essential if they are reluctant to give you this information then go somewhere else.
A family Lawyer will have all this knowledge, so they are able to handle your case. If you have a unique case, then it is essential you engage a lawyer who has these experiences also. Some cases are Civil Unions or Common Law marriages; these cases are generally more technical to work with so if this is your situation, seek a lawyer who has this experience.
Adoption is another case that requires a unique lawyer. This area of legal representation takes a lot of concern as the adoptive parents are taking on the job of raising another persons' child. Complications can arise, and there will be the need for a lawyer. The mother can change her mind about the adoption, or you discover there are illegal connections attached to the proceedings.
Domestic relations are another special case. This has to do with delinquency of the minor, the abuse of child by a parent or guardian, whether sexual, physical or otherwise. Many cases to deal with family law are out there, and the changing categories of family require lawyers to be knowledgeable of such cases. They are required to be able to represent these situations within a legal framework so as to help the persons involved.
For more information about Family law attorneys please have a look at Beall & Thies LLC or visit http://beallthies.com/about/family-law/
Some lawyers have little or no knowledge of these circumstances, so it is essential you shop around. You may want to seek advice from about 3 or 4 lawyers to determine whom you feel comfortable dealing with your situation. The route the lawyer will take with your situation is also essential. He or she needs to feel secure with this as it may be hard to change attorneys in the middle of your case. Know the level of experience the lawyers have to ensure you are getting the best. Ask for testimonials of cases they have tried and what the win ratio they have. This is essential if they are reluctant to give you this information then go somewhere else.
A family Lawyer will have all this knowledge, so they are able to handle your case. If you have a unique case, then it is essential you engage a lawyer who has these experiences also. Some cases are Civil Unions or Common Law marriages; these cases are generally more technical to work with so if this is your situation, seek a lawyer who has this experience.
Adoption is another case that requires a unique lawyer. This area of legal representation takes a lot of concern as the adoptive parents are taking on the job of raising another persons' child. Complications can arise, and there will be the need for a lawyer. The mother can change her mind about the adoption, or you discover there are illegal connections attached to the proceedings.
Domestic relations are another special case. This has to do with delinquency of the minor, the abuse of child by a parent or guardian, whether sexual, physical or otherwise. Many cases to deal with family law are out there, and the changing categories of family require lawyers to be knowledgeable of such cases. They are required to be able to represent these situations within a legal framework so as to help the persons involved.
For more information about Family law attorneys please have a look at Beall & Thies LLC or visit http://beallthies.com/about/family-law/
Sabtu, 08 November 2014
California Mandatory Helmet Law
California has one of the strictest helmet laws in the US. It mandates that all riders of motorbikes and bicycles should wear a safety helmet that fits securely on their head and should have a certification from the Department of Transportation (DOT) and passed the federal safety standards.
When compared to most states, California is stricter since it has a universal helmet law that requires all riders to wear helmets. Some states such as Iowa, New Hampshire, and Illinois do not even have a motorcycle helmet law.
HELMET LAW FOR MINORS
The helmet law is stricter for individuals under 18 years old. According to state law, these people are prohibited to ride in bicycle, non-motorized scooter, roller skates, and skateboard unless they will wear a helmet that properly and securely fits on their heads.
According to Streets and Highways Code, minors should be wearing helmets that are certified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the US Consumers Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Entities which are under these federal organizations may also provide certifications.
If a minor violates this helmet law, their parents or legal guardians will be held liable for their childrens act.
LIABILITIES AND DUTIES OF HELMET MANUFACTURERS, VENDORS, AND DISTRIBUTORS
Entities that manufacture, distribute, and sell helmets to consumers should make sure that the products comply with the federal safety standards and requirements under the state law.
These entities should also provide proper labeling (or stickers) to each helmet as proof that it has passed the federal safety standards.
If a court finds that a business sells and offers helmets which do not meet the safety requirements, it will face a fine of not more than $25. The penalties will be stiffer for those who will violate the helmet law more than once.
THE BASIS OF STRICT HELMET LAW IN CALIFORNIA
The strict helmet law in the state has a scientific basis supported by numerous studies from different research groups, both government and private entities.
A motorcyclist who is not wearing a helmet is 40 percent more likely to suffer a fatal head injury compared to a person wearing head protection.
Head injury is the leading cause of fatality in motorcycle accidents.
A federally-certified motorcycle helmet is 67 percent effective in preventing brain injury. This finding proves that motorcycle riders who are not wearing a head protection is three times more likely to suffer from brain injuries compared to people who are wearing a helmet.
From 1984 to 2006, helmets saved nearly 20,000 motorcyclists. This finding prompted researches to believe that if all motorcycle riders and passengers had worn helmets, these head protections could have saved more than 12,000 additional lives.
A universal helmet law that requires all motorcycle riders to wear a head protection has made it easier for the government to enforce a helmet law.
A motorcycle rider is nearly 37 times more likely to die in an accident compared to a car passenger.
When compared to most states, California is stricter since it has a universal helmet law that requires all riders to wear helmets. Some states such as Iowa, New Hampshire, and Illinois do not even have a motorcycle helmet law.
HELMET LAW FOR MINORS
The helmet law is stricter for individuals under 18 years old. According to state law, these people are prohibited to ride in bicycle, non-motorized scooter, roller skates, and skateboard unless they will wear a helmet that properly and securely fits on their heads.
According to Streets and Highways Code, minors should be wearing helmets that are certified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the US Consumers Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Entities which are under these federal organizations may also provide certifications.
If a minor violates this helmet law, their parents or legal guardians will be held liable for their childrens act.
LIABILITIES AND DUTIES OF HELMET MANUFACTURERS, VENDORS, AND DISTRIBUTORS
Entities that manufacture, distribute, and sell helmets to consumers should make sure that the products comply with the federal safety standards and requirements under the state law.
These entities should also provide proper labeling (or stickers) to each helmet as proof that it has passed the federal safety standards.
If a court finds that a business sells and offers helmets which do not meet the safety requirements, it will face a fine of not more than $25. The penalties will be stiffer for those who will violate the helmet law more than once.
THE BASIS OF STRICT HELMET LAW IN CALIFORNIA
The strict helmet law in the state has a scientific basis supported by numerous studies from different research groups, both government and private entities.
A motorcyclist who is not wearing a helmet is 40 percent more likely to suffer a fatal head injury compared to a person wearing head protection.
Head injury is the leading cause of fatality in motorcycle accidents.
A federally-certified motorcycle helmet is 67 percent effective in preventing brain injury. This finding proves that motorcycle riders who are not wearing a head protection is three times more likely to suffer from brain injuries compared to people who are wearing a helmet.
From 1984 to 2006, helmets saved nearly 20,000 motorcyclists. This finding prompted researches to believe that if all motorcycle riders and passengers had worn helmets, these head protections could have saved more than 12,000 additional lives.
A universal helmet law that requires all motorcycle riders to wear a head protection has made it easier for the government to enforce a helmet law.
A motorcycle rider is nearly 37 times more likely to die in an accident compared to a car passenger.
Rabu, 05 November 2014
Perfect For Each Other - MP3 Players and Audio
Majority of the manufacturers of MP3 players designed their products with lone wits: To listen in to song. Yet, in the elapsed several years the whispered players are generally often used to listen in to audio books. But assent to me dot unacceptable to you with the intention of there's a distinction relating the needs using these players representing song and representing audio books. If you are thinking of utilizing your brand additional MP3 player representing books, consider originator the following:
1. Memory - The looked-for reminiscence depends on the audio charge format, its part and the figure of books with the intention of you are planning to place into your player.
Though generally of the players today happen with a sparkle reminiscence. It is viable to add a reminiscence license unto your player. My advice is representing you to avail of the highest reminiscence viable representing your reminiscence license and tell to it furthermore with the intention of it is the exact combination with your sparkle reminiscence.
2. Behavior once interrupted - This is the generally imperative consideration you must take into bill. Listening to digital books are not like listening to song, you would aspire to stay on listening from the part everywhere you stopped and not energy back on the top again. A decent figure of players in the promote doesn't get the bookmarking function as a result you will in that case get to listen in to the story from the commencement.
When you are shopping representing a additional player ask the personnel to test it unacceptable: Get an audio charge played, remove the batteries in that case leave it back on again and try to tell if the charge will start everywhere you missing rancid or set in motion from the top again.
3. Volume - Its volume ability is lone of the major problems once you are listening to digital books. Several players single get a incomplete volume ability as a result it becomes so bothersome. For with the intention of wits, it in that case becomes not viable to hear I beg your pardon? The narrator was axiom once you are in a noisy place like the aerobics studio opportunity, train, or airport. Your greatest think is to leave on the headphones while in the supermarket and leave on the loudest volume to test it unacceptable already purchasing.
Most people nowdays like free music downloads sites . However hindi punjabi song and mixing songs are very popular too.
1. Memory - The looked-for reminiscence depends on the audio charge format, its part and the figure of books with the intention of you are planning to place into your player.
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When you are shopping representing a additional player ask the personnel to test it unacceptable: Get an audio charge played, remove the batteries in that case leave it back on again and try to tell if the charge will start everywhere you missing rancid or set in motion from the top again.
3. Volume - Its volume ability is lone of the major problems once you are listening to digital books. Several players single get a incomplete volume ability as a result it becomes so bothersome. For with the intention of wits, it in that case becomes not viable to hear I beg your pardon? The narrator was axiom once you are in a noisy place like the aerobics studio opportunity, train, or airport. Your greatest think is to leave on the headphones while in the supermarket and leave on the loudest volume to test it unacceptable already purchasing.
Most people nowdays like free music downloads sites . However hindi punjabi song and mixing songs are very popular too.
Selasa, 04 November 2014
Finding Law School Info
If you are thinking about it, then getting law school info is something that you should just do. There are many opportunities out there for you, but if you do not reach out to grab them, you will likely miss them. Before this happens to you, make sure that you take the time to gather information such as law school info so that you can make the right decisions while you still have the opportunity. Good news is that all the information that you need, including law school info is available to you right here on the web.
Wondering how long it will take for you to study? Thinking about where you should go to school? Perhaps you are not 100% sure that you even want to go to law school. Whatever it is that is holding you back from going to law school, get the information that you need to make the decisions that you need to. Dont put off finding the law school info that you need one more day. Why should you when it is all there in front of you?
Some of the best locations to find the law school info that you need to make these decisions are right here on the web. But to find it, youll need to do some digging. Or, you can visit some of the law school websites and gather it that way. Understanding the career is something like understanding your future. You need to invest time in doing so now so that you can excel later.
Take a few minutes and ask some questions. What do you want to know? Is there a school out there that interests you? Will you take the next step to finding the law school info that you need? If so, get started today and find yourself answering all of your own law school questions right away.
Wondering how long it will take for you to study? Thinking about where you should go to school? Perhaps you are not 100% sure that you even want to go to law school. Whatever it is that is holding you back from going to law school, get the information that you need to make the decisions that you need to. Dont put off finding the law school info that you need one more day. Why should you when it is all there in front of you?
Some of the best locations to find the law school info that you need to make these decisions are right here on the web. But to find it, youll need to do some digging. Or, you can visit some of the law school websites and gather it that way. Understanding the career is something like understanding your future. You need to invest time in doing so now so that you can excel later.
Take a few minutes and ask some questions. What do you want to know? Is there a school out there that interests you? Will you take the next step to finding the law school info that you need? If so, get started today and find yourself answering all of your own law school questions right away.
The Great Gatsby on Audio Book.
The Audio Book Version of The Great Gatsby.
Audio books are becoming more popular by the day thanks to MP3 technology. Many traditional book publishers are now aware of the growing audio book market and are starting to release a range of audio book titles. And, no wonder, as the audio book market is estimated to be worth in excess of 900 million dollars in 2008.The Great Gatsby, one of the classic novels of the 20th century is now available on audio book format.
But, the interesting thing is that there are several versions available by different publishers. And, at different price levels. Furthermore there is also a workbook available in audio book format which should be of great benefit to students.The latest audio book just released is by academicmp3audiobooks and is 5 hours long. It is narrated by John Pruskin and at the time of writing sells for $4.99.
According to the publishers, The Great Gatsby synopsis is as follows:"When F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby in the early 1920s, the American Dream was already on the skids.Originally based on the idea that the pursuit of happiness involves not only material success but moral and spiritual growth, the dream had by Fitzgerald's time become increasingly focused on money and pleasure--a phenomenon the high-living writer was only too familiar with.In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald looks deeply into himself and his milieu to create the story of James Gatz, a self-educated nobody from North Dakota who has amassed a fortune and adopted the persona of Jay Gatsby, an Oxford-educated man about town, for the sole purpose of winning back the heart of Daisy, the woman he loved in his youth. Daisy is now married to Tom Buchanan--a brutal, ignorant racist who embodies the corruption that can come with unlimited wealth.As Gatsby, Daisy, and Tom--and the narrator, Daisy's cousin Nick Carroway, who serves as the author's spokesman--play out the drama in a small Long Island town (the East Hampton of its day), Fitzgerald makes it increasingly clear that life is meaningless when it is based on money and glamour at the expense of the solid American values of self-reliance and hard work--and Gatsby's sad end underscores the point.The Great Gatsby has long been celebrated as the archetypal American novel, and, just as Fitzgerald's book grew out of the tradition that included Henry James and Edith Wharton, its influence on later writers from J.
D. Salinger to John O'Hara cannot be overestimated. The book remains vividly alive and widely read years after its writing."Another version published by Blackstone Audio Inc, is 5 hours long and is narrated by Anthony Heald (of Silence of the Lambs fame). At the time of writing, this audio book sells for $14.95. The publisher's synopsis is as follows:"'It expresses one phase of the great grotesque spectacle of our American scene. It is humor, irony, ribaldry, pathos and loveliness. A curious book, a mystical, glamorous story of today. It takes a deeper cut at life than hitherto has been essayed by Mr. Fitzgerald.'
Audio books are becoming more popular by the day thanks to MP3 technology. Many traditional book publishers are now aware of the growing audio book market and are starting to release a range of audio book titles. And, no wonder, as the audio book market is estimated to be worth in excess of 900 million dollars in 2008.The Great Gatsby, one of the classic novels of the 20th century is now available on audio book format.
But, the interesting thing is that there are several versions available by different publishers. And, at different price levels. Furthermore there is also a workbook available in audio book format which should be of great benefit to students.The latest audio book just released is by academicmp3audiobooks and is 5 hours long. It is narrated by John Pruskin and at the time of writing sells for $4.99.
According to the publishers, The Great Gatsby synopsis is as follows:"When F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby in the early 1920s, the American Dream was already on the skids.Originally based on the idea that the pursuit of happiness involves not only material success but moral and spiritual growth, the dream had by Fitzgerald's time become increasingly focused on money and pleasure--a phenomenon the high-living writer was only too familiar with.In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald looks deeply into himself and his milieu to create the story of James Gatz, a self-educated nobody from North Dakota who has amassed a fortune and adopted the persona of Jay Gatsby, an Oxford-educated man about town, for the sole purpose of winning back the heart of Daisy, the woman he loved in his youth. Daisy is now married to Tom Buchanan--a brutal, ignorant racist who embodies the corruption that can come with unlimited wealth.As Gatsby, Daisy, and Tom--and the narrator, Daisy's cousin Nick Carroway, who serves as the author's spokesman--play out the drama in a small Long Island town (the East Hampton of its day), Fitzgerald makes it increasingly clear that life is meaningless when it is based on money and glamour at the expense of the solid American values of self-reliance and hard work--and Gatsby's sad end underscores the point.The Great Gatsby has long been celebrated as the archetypal American novel, and, just as Fitzgerald's book grew out of the tradition that included Henry James and Edith Wharton, its influence on later writers from J.
D. Salinger to John O'Hara cannot be overestimated. The book remains vividly alive and widely read years after its writing."Another version published by Blackstone Audio Inc, is 5 hours long and is narrated by Anthony Heald (of Silence of the Lambs fame). At the time of writing, this audio book sells for $14.95. The publisher's synopsis is as follows:"'It expresses one phase of the great grotesque spectacle of our American scene. It is humor, irony, ribaldry, pathos and loveliness. A curious book, a mystical, glamorous story of today. It takes a deeper cut at life than hitherto has been essayed by Mr. Fitzgerald.'
Sabtu, 01 November 2014
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN MAHESH DATTANI`S PLAY `TARA`
GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN MAHESH DATTANI`S `TARA` BY DR. RAM SHARMA, SENIOR LECTURER IN ENGLISH, J.V.P.G COLLEGE, BARAUT, BAGHPAT, U.P., INDIA
Mahesh Dattani has presented the bizarre reality of the woman playing second fiddle to man.This play opens with Chandan changed into Dan in order to absolve himself from the guilt of killing his sister.He has to bear the brunt of his grandfather`s and mother`s cruelty .He considers himself responsible for his sister`s death. In this play Dattani plays with the idea of female infanticide that is prevalent among the Gujratis and also suggests Patel`s hegemonic patriarchy when he insists that proper division in the gender roles be made Tara gives us a glimpse into the modern society which claims to be liberal and advanced in its thought and action. In a society which claims that its mothers are educated today and have `Devis ` like Durga, Kali, Saraswati , Lakshmi etc whom not only women but men also pay obeisance , differentiate between a male child and a female child.All the propagandas of equality between male and female , equal opportunities to women in all the fields are belied..Dattani`s deep preoccupation with gender issues leads to the emergence of the idea of the twin side to one`s self -quite literally embodied in one body and the separation that follows Mahesh Dattani mentioned in one of his interviews with Lakshmi Subramanyam : ``I see Tara as a play about the male self and female self.The male self is being preferred in all cultures .The play is about the separation of self and the resultant angst``[p-134]1
.Erin Mee writes in the note of the play,
``Tara centres on the emotional separation that grows between two conjoined twins following the discovery that their physical separation was manipulated by their mother and grandfather to favour the boy[ Chandan] over the girl [ Tara] .Tara , a feisty girl who isn`t given the opportunities given to her brother [although she may be smarter ] eventually wastes away and dies. Chandan escapes to London , changes his name to Dan , and attempts to repress the guilt he feels over his sister`s death by living without a personal history .Woven into the play are issues of class and community , and the clash between traditional and modern lifestyles and values.`` CP [p-319]2
Patel and Bharati are educted parents but they created new discriminations. Bharati`s father, a resourceful person , is also considered to be one of the factors in this mishap. If Bharati had been led astray by her father`s high handed decision , why didn`t Patel put his foot down and stand against their decision?Father should be strong enough to fight this discrimination.The relationship of Bharati and Tara , mother and daughter is subordinated to her subjugation to the expectations of the society .She has no free will and her compassion for Tara , proves weak in her preference for her son Chandan. She plans for the surgery for the separation of the children and determines to offer her kidney to give a new lease of life to Tara .When Chandan enquires her if she has any plans for Tara , Bharati says,
``Yes, I plans for her happiness .I mean to give her all love and affection which I can give .Its what she deserves have can make up for lot[ CP p-349]``3
Bharati is quite much fearful about the future of her daughter,
``It`s all right while she is young .It`s all very cute and comfortable when she makes witty remarks .But let her grow up .Yes ,Chandan the world will tolerate you. The world will accept you- but not her! Oh! The pair is going to feel when she sees herself at eighteen or twenty .Thirty is unthinkable and what about forty and fifty! Oh, God ! [ CP p-349]4
Bharati tries to shed her burden of guilt by showing maternal love and concern for her daughter and to assert her moral superiority over her husbandShe also tries to expatiate by the act of donating kidney to her daughter which was ultimately futile.Dattani establishes that mother and daughter relationship is ultimately subordinated to the directives of patriarchy .All cultures and all countries by establishing values , roles , gender perception and prescribe unequal means to achieve.Dr. Thakkar occupies the one on the highest level throughout the play.Tara and Chandan are conjoined, Siamese twins who must be separated to survive. The dichotomy between the twin `gendered` selves is recognized , and a physical separation is made through surgery `` Like we`ve always been.Inseperable .The way we started in life.Two lives and one body in one comfortable womb .Till we were forced out---- And separated`` [ CP p-325]5
The problem begin when it is recognized that it has been unequal , unfair operation , with the mother , Bharati, her father and the surgeon collaborating to afford the male with better chances , physically -the second leg.Dr. Thakkar , the god -like `life giver ` is aware that the third leg would adhere better to the female half , and yet becomes party to the decision..Dan tries to define his other half, the feisty Tara `` She never got a fair deal .Not even from nature.Neither of us did .May be God never wanted us separated .Destiny desires strange things-----But even God does not always get what he wants.Conflict is the crux of life```[ CP p-330]6
Mr. Patel , an emblem of male chauvinism , maintains his absolute authority in the decision making about the family Bharati is a pathetic victim of patriarchy .She was exceptionally conscious for her safety for Tara , not for the sake of Tara but for her own sake.It was irony of fate that Chandan and Tara were entwined in such a way that their separation was impossible .Chandan enjoyed greater preference and Tara was left to enjoy the position of a subaltern. The effort to separate them through surgery left Tara cripple for life. The suffering of Tara and Chandan is a symbolic justification to the perception that the grace of the relationship exist not in their separateness but in their moving in a coordination or interdependence.The famous theatre director Erin Mee writes``
Dattani sees Tara as a play about the gendered self, about coming to terms with the feminine side of oneself in a world that always favours what is `male` , but many people in India see it as a play about the girl child.`` [ CP-p-320]7
Tara was more enthusiastic and full of jest and spark of life .She had high aspirations which she could not accomplish because of her handicapped state while the boy was comfortably ensconced and had come to terms with his handicapped life,Why was then Tara denied the privilege of the good leg. Why? Is it because she was a girl ? Is being a girl in the society a curse. Why so much partiality and differentiation done to women in the country which has rich heritage and where women are otherwise placed on the pedestral Dr. Thakkar belied his godly profession and led himself to be bribed by Bharati`s father into becoming an accomplice in the bizarre act of severing the leg. He should have upheld his profession by denouncing the decision at his inception whereas he in a way took Tara`s life by severing the leg. His wise decision could have given Tara a safe, secured and complete life.Patel , meanwhile seems much beleaguered ``Yes, call me a liar, a wife beater, a child abuser.It`s what you want me to be! And you .You want them to believe you love them very much `` [ CP p-354]8
Again he tells Tara , `` Tara , please believe me when I say that I love you very much and I have never in all my life loved you less or more than I have loved your brother.But your mother----`` [ CP-p-354]9
This is why the play generates a death like response from Tara when she learns the truth, she was discriminated against , because of her gender, but not by her father- it was Bharart`s decision that deprived her of what she wanted more than anything else in the world- a second leg.Bharati`s father further strengthened his indulgence for male grand child by leaving his property after his demise to Chandan and not a single penny to Tara. Chandan and Tara`s maternal grandfather was a wealthy man. He was in politics and came very close to becoming the Chief Minister.His will is a testament of the kind of treatment that is meted out to girls in Indian society.Mr. Patel and Chandan are talking,
``PATEL. He [ grandfather] left you a lot of money. CHANDAN . And Tara? PATEL . Nothing CHANDAN. Why? PATEL It was his money.He could do what he wanted with it.[CP p-360]10
Patel`s attitude has also been negative. He belames his wife and father-in-law for the damage done cannot be denied. The fact that male is always given the greater chance is obvious from Patel`s planning for Chandan`s education and future career.No consideration whatsoever for her feelings! Tara is the victim of this collective social system.Her father, Mr. Patel , is not much different from his wife , though Bharati is guilty of a more serious crime against Tara. He continuously and doggedly favours Chandan when it comes to giving him higher education abroad. , and a career.
``PATEL .You are turning them against the whole world. BHARATI I am doing that. PATEL . Yes ! Look at the way you treat Tara .As if she is made of glass. You coddle her , you pet her, you sdpoil her, She`s grown up feeling she doesn`t need anyone but you.! BHARATI. What d`you want me to do? Just tell me in plain simple words what you want me to do and i`ll do it! PATEL. Let go. Just let go.And let me handle them. BHARATI. All right .You stay at home then ! You stay at home and watch what they can do and what they can`t .You remind them of what they can`t be. It`s easy for you to talk about their future and your plans.But tell them what they should do now .This day , this hour , this minute .Tell them ! I want to hear.! PATEL. Chandan is going to study further and he will go abroad for his higher studies. BHARATI. And Tara? PATEL. When have you ever allowed me to make any plans for her? [ CP p-352]11
But Tara could have made her defiency , her strength and fight the society to etch a place of her own.Tara is discoraged openly, notwithstanding her feelings in the matter , even though she is more intelligent , sharp and witty and would perform well if given ooportunities in life. Economic and cultural factors have been responsible for the antipathy against and inferiorization of the girl child .All these factors combine to create the social system in which the girl child has to live and die.Tara is killed by social system , which controls the minds and actions of the people.The trauma of coming to know the role her mother had played in her life , and the discrimination become too much for her. And why is she killed? Tara is not wanted. Girls are not wanted.
``TARA. Oh! What a waste! A waste of money .What spend all the money to keep me alive?It cannot matter whether I live or die. There are thousands of poor sick people on the roads who could be given care and attention , and I think I know what I will make of myself.I will be a crer for those people .I ---- I will spend the rest of my life feeding and clothing those. ----starving naked millions everywhere is talking about.May be I can start an institution that will ---- do all that.Or I could join Mother Teresa and sacrifice muself to a great cause.That may give--- purpose to my ---existence .I can do it .I can do it , can`t I ?I will be very happy if I could , because that is really what I want .That really ---[with emotion].Oh! , bullshirt! I don`t care .I don`t care for anyone except mummy! [ CP- p-370]12
The above statement shows that Tara is not deterred by the injustice done to her by her parents but she presents herself as an empowered lady to face all the hurdles.She also shows her sympathy towards the downtrodden.She was bubbly and energetic girl who had all the qualities of a normal girl. If she had been given moral support by her parents .She might have shone like a star as her name signifies. Her life was a burden on this earth .This made her lose interest in life altogether .Further she refuses to go to physiotherapy or fill forms for college.
TARA.. How do you expect me to feel anything for anyone if they don`t give me any feeling to begin with? Why is it wrong for me to be without feeling? Why are you asking me to do something that nobody has done for me?[ CP p-371]`13`
Tara was a bright and shinning star which was a source of cheerfulness and happiness of the family.A complete life could have done wonders and she would have scored the limits which her brother Chandan couldn`t have.Tara`s potentiality was sacrificed on the alter of gender. Identity crisis becomes a chain with which a female is fettered when the question of choice between male and female arises.
`` TARA The hospital staff. At the reception , they asked me who I wanted to see. I told them. They asked me to wait .One of the nurses passing by recognized me .She drew the receptionist aside and spoke to her in a low voice .She thought I couldn`t hear what she was saying .But I heard ! She told her that she had received strict instructions from our father that I shouldn`t on any account be allowed to see mummy on my own .[Pause] Now tell me i`m imagining things .Tell me that he doesn`t hate me! [ CP p-373]14
It is noteworthy that discrimination against Tara continues even after her death.Chandan , who was always interested in writing , and who has come to England for higher studies , has transferred into Dan .He turns the story he writes into his own tragedy. Dan apologises to Tara for doing this ``Forgive me , Tara .Forgive me for making it my tragedy.```[ CP p-380]15
In the end I can say that Mahesh Dattani has very deftly revealed the theme of gender discrimination in this play.
NOTES AND REFERENCES 1-Subramanyam,Lakshmi[ed]. ,Muffled Voices: Women in Modern Indian Theatre, New Delhi,Shakti , 2002, p-134 2-Mee, Erin, A Note in the Play ,Collected Plays, Mahesh Dattani, Penguin Books, New Delhi, p-319 3-Dattani, Mahesh, Collected Plays, Penguin, New Delhi, p-349 4- ibid p-349 5-ibid p-325 6-ibid p-330 7- Mee, Erin, A Note in the Play, Collected Plays, Mahesh Dattani, Penguin, New Delhi p-320 8-Dattani, Mahesh-Collected Plays, Penguin Books, New Delhi, p-354 9-ibid -p-354 10-ibid p-360 11-ibid p-352 12- ibid p-370 13 - ibid p-371 14 -ibid p-373 15-ibid p-380
Mahesh Dattani has presented the bizarre reality of the woman playing second fiddle to man.This play opens with Chandan changed into Dan in order to absolve himself from the guilt of killing his sister.He has to bear the brunt of his grandfather`s and mother`s cruelty .He considers himself responsible for his sister`s death. In this play Dattani plays with the idea of female infanticide that is prevalent among the Gujratis and also suggests Patel`s hegemonic patriarchy when he insists that proper division in the gender roles be made Tara gives us a glimpse into the modern society which claims to be liberal and advanced in its thought and action. In a society which claims that its mothers are educated today and have `Devis ` like Durga, Kali, Saraswati , Lakshmi etc whom not only women but men also pay obeisance , differentiate between a male child and a female child.All the propagandas of equality between male and female , equal opportunities to women in all the fields are belied..Dattani`s deep preoccupation with gender issues leads to the emergence of the idea of the twin side to one`s self -quite literally embodied in one body and the separation that follows Mahesh Dattani mentioned in one of his interviews with Lakshmi Subramanyam : ``I see Tara as a play about the male self and female self.The male self is being preferred in all cultures .The play is about the separation of self and the resultant angst``[p-134]1
.Erin Mee writes in the note of the play,
``Tara centres on the emotional separation that grows between two conjoined twins following the discovery that their physical separation was manipulated by their mother and grandfather to favour the boy[ Chandan] over the girl [ Tara] .Tara , a feisty girl who isn`t given the opportunities given to her brother [although she may be smarter ] eventually wastes away and dies. Chandan escapes to London , changes his name to Dan , and attempts to repress the guilt he feels over his sister`s death by living without a personal history .Woven into the play are issues of class and community , and the clash between traditional and modern lifestyles and values.`` CP [p-319]2
Patel and Bharati are educted parents but they created new discriminations. Bharati`s father, a resourceful person , is also considered to be one of the factors in this mishap. If Bharati had been led astray by her father`s high handed decision , why didn`t Patel put his foot down and stand against their decision?Father should be strong enough to fight this discrimination.The relationship of Bharati and Tara , mother and daughter is subordinated to her subjugation to the expectations of the society .She has no free will and her compassion for Tara , proves weak in her preference for her son Chandan. She plans for the surgery for the separation of the children and determines to offer her kidney to give a new lease of life to Tara .When Chandan enquires her if she has any plans for Tara , Bharati says,
``Yes, I plans for her happiness .I mean to give her all love and affection which I can give .Its what she deserves have can make up for lot[ CP p-349]``3
Bharati is quite much fearful about the future of her daughter,
``It`s all right while she is young .It`s all very cute and comfortable when she makes witty remarks .But let her grow up .Yes ,Chandan the world will tolerate you. The world will accept you- but not her! Oh! The pair is going to feel when she sees herself at eighteen or twenty .Thirty is unthinkable and what about forty and fifty! Oh, God ! [ CP p-349]4
Bharati tries to shed her burden of guilt by showing maternal love and concern for her daughter and to assert her moral superiority over her husbandShe also tries to expatiate by the act of donating kidney to her daughter which was ultimately futile.Dattani establishes that mother and daughter relationship is ultimately subordinated to the directives of patriarchy .All cultures and all countries by establishing values , roles , gender perception and prescribe unequal means to achieve.Dr. Thakkar occupies the one on the highest level throughout the play.Tara and Chandan are conjoined, Siamese twins who must be separated to survive. The dichotomy between the twin `gendered` selves is recognized , and a physical separation is made through surgery `` Like we`ve always been.Inseperable .The way we started in life.Two lives and one body in one comfortable womb .Till we were forced out---- And separated`` [ CP p-325]5
The problem begin when it is recognized that it has been unequal , unfair operation , with the mother , Bharati, her father and the surgeon collaborating to afford the male with better chances , physically -the second leg.Dr. Thakkar , the god -like `life giver ` is aware that the third leg would adhere better to the female half , and yet becomes party to the decision..Dan tries to define his other half, the feisty Tara `` She never got a fair deal .Not even from nature.Neither of us did .May be God never wanted us separated .Destiny desires strange things-----But even God does not always get what he wants.Conflict is the crux of life```[ CP p-330]6
Mr. Patel , an emblem of male chauvinism , maintains his absolute authority in the decision making about the family Bharati is a pathetic victim of patriarchy .She was exceptionally conscious for her safety for Tara , not for the sake of Tara but for her own sake.It was irony of fate that Chandan and Tara were entwined in such a way that their separation was impossible .Chandan enjoyed greater preference and Tara was left to enjoy the position of a subaltern. The effort to separate them through surgery left Tara cripple for life. The suffering of Tara and Chandan is a symbolic justification to the perception that the grace of the relationship exist not in their separateness but in their moving in a coordination or interdependence.The famous theatre director Erin Mee writes``
Dattani sees Tara as a play about the gendered self, about coming to terms with the feminine side of oneself in a world that always favours what is `male` , but many people in India see it as a play about the girl child.`` [ CP-p-320]7
Tara was more enthusiastic and full of jest and spark of life .She had high aspirations which she could not accomplish because of her handicapped state while the boy was comfortably ensconced and had come to terms with his handicapped life,Why was then Tara denied the privilege of the good leg. Why? Is it because she was a girl ? Is being a girl in the society a curse. Why so much partiality and differentiation done to women in the country which has rich heritage and where women are otherwise placed on the pedestral Dr. Thakkar belied his godly profession and led himself to be bribed by Bharati`s father into becoming an accomplice in the bizarre act of severing the leg. He should have upheld his profession by denouncing the decision at his inception whereas he in a way took Tara`s life by severing the leg. His wise decision could have given Tara a safe, secured and complete life.Patel , meanwhile seems much beleaguered ``Yes, call me a liar, a wife beater, a child abuser.It`s what you want me to be! And you .You want them to believe you love them very much `` [ CP p-354]8
Again he tells Tara , `` Tara , please believe me when I say that I love you very much and I have never in all my life loved you less or more than I have loved your brother.But your mother----`` [ CP-p-354]9
This is why the play generates a death like response from Tara when she learns the truth, she was discriminated against , because of her gender, but not by her father- it was Bharart`s decision that deprived her of what she wanted more than anything else in the world- a second leg.Bharati`s father further strengthened his indulgence for male grand child by leaving his property after his demise to Chandan and not a single penny to Tara. Chandan and Tara`s maternal grandfather was a wealthy man. He was in politics and came very close to becoming the Chief Minister.His will is a testament of the kind of treatment that is meted out to girls in Indian society.Mr. Patel and Chandan are talking,
``PATEL. He [ grandfather] left you a lot of money. CHANDAN . And Tara? PATEL . Nothing CHANDAN. Why? PATEL It was his money.He could do what he wanted with it.[CP p-360]10
Patel`s attitude has also been negative. He belames his wife and father-in-law for the damage done cannot be denied. The fact that male is always given the greater chance is obvious from Patel`s planning for Chandan`s education and future career.No consideration whatsoever for her feelings! Tara is the victim of this collective social system.Her father, Mr. Patel , is not much different from his wife , though Bharati is guilty of a more serious crime against Tara. He continuously and doggedly favours Chandan when it comes to giving him higher education abroad. , and a career.
``PATEL .You are turning them against the whole world. BHARATI I am doing that. PATEL . Yes ! Look at the way you treat Tara .As if she is made of glass. You coddle her , you pet her, you sdpoil her, She`s grown up feeling she doesn`t need anyone but you.! BHARATI. What d`you want me to do? Just tell me in plain simple words what you want me to do and i`ll do it! PATEL. Let go. Just let go.And let me handle them. BHARATI. All right .You stay at home then ! You stay at home and watch what they can do and what they can`t .You remind them of what they can`t be. It`s easy for you to talk about their future and your plans.But tell them what they should do now .This day , this hour , this minute .Tell them ! I want to hear.! PATEL. Chandan is going to study further and he will go abroad for his higher studies. BHARATI. And Tara? PATEL. When have you ever allowed me to make any plans for her? [ CP p-352]11
But Tara could have made her defiency , her strength and fight the society to etch a place of her own.Tara is discoraged openly, notwithstanding her feelings in the matter , even though she is more intelligent , sharp and witty and would perform well if given ooportunities in life. Economic and cultural factors have been responsible for the antipathy against and inferiorization of the girl child .All these factors combine to create the social system in which the girl child has to live and die.Tara is killed by social system , which controls the minds and actions of the people.The trauma of coming to know the role her mother had played in her life , and the discrimination become too much for her. And why is she killed? Tara is not wanted. Girls are not wanted.
``TARA. Oh! What a waste! A waste of money .What spend all the money to keep me alive?It cannot matter whether I live or die. There are thousands of poor sick people on the roads who could be given care and attention , and I think I know what I will make of myself.I will be a crer for those people .I ---- I will spend the rest of my life feeding and clothing those. ----starving naked millions everywhere is talking about.May be I can start an institution that will ---- do all that.Or I could join Mother Teresa and sacrifice muself to a great cause.That may give--- purpose to my ---existence .I can do it .I can do it , can`t I ?I will be very happy if I could , because that is really what I want .That really ---[with emotion].Oh! , bullshirt! I don`t care .I don`t care for anyone except mummy! [ CP- p-370]12
The above statement shows that Tara is not deterred by the injustice done to her by her parents but she presents herself as an empowered lady to face all the hurdles.She also shows her sympathy towards the downtrodden.She was bubbly and energetic girl who had all the qualities of a normal girl. If she had been given moral support by her parents .She might have shone like a star as her name signifies. Her life was a burden on this earth .This made her lose interest in life altogether .Further she refuses to go to physiotherapy or fill forms for college.
TARA.. How do you expect me to feel anything for anyone if they don`t give me any feeling to begin with? Why is it wrong for me to be without feeling? Why are you asking me to do something that nobody has done for me?[ CP p-371]`13`
Tara was a bright and shinning star which was a source of cheerfulness and happiness of the family.A complete life could have done wonders and she would have scored the limits which her brother Chandan couldn`t have.Tara`s potentiality was sacrificed on the alter of gender. Identity crisis becomes a chain with which a female is fettered when the question of choice between male and female arises.
`` TARA The hospital staff. At the reception , they asked me who I wanted to see. I told them. They asked me to wait .One of the nurses passing by recognized me .She drew the receptionist aside and spoke to her in a low voice .She thought I couldn`t hear what she was saying .But I heard ! She told her that she had received strict instructions from our father that I shouldn`t on any account be allowed to see mummy on my own .[Pause] Now tell me i`m imagining things .Tell me that he doesn`t hate me! [ CP p-373]14
It is noteworthy that discrimination against Tara continues even after her death.Chandan , who was always interested in writing , and who has come to England for higher studies , has transferred into Dan .He turns the story he writes into his own tragedy. Dan apologises to Tara for doing this ``Forgive me , Tara .Forgive me for making it my tragedy.```[ CP p-380]15
In the end I can say that Mahesh Dattani has very deftly revealed the theme of gender discrimination in this play.
NOTES AND REFERENCES 1-Subramanyam,Lakshmi[ed]. ,Muffled Voices: Women in Modern Indian Theatre, New Delhi,Shakti , 2002, p-134 2-Mee, Erin, A Note in the Play ,Collected Plays, Mahesh Dattani, Penguin Books, New Delhi, p-319 3-Dattani, Mahesh, Collected Plays, Penguin, New Delhi, p-349 4- ibid p-349 5-ibid p-325 6-ibid p-330 7- Mee, Erin, A Note in the Play, Collected Plays, Mahesh Dattani, Penguin, New Delhi p-320 8-Dattani, Mahesh-Collected Plays, Penguin Books, New Delhi, p-354 9-ibid -p-354 10-ibid p-360 11-ibid p-352 12- ibid p-370 13 - ibid p-371 14 -ibid p-373 15-ibid p-380
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